Co-Existing Disorders Pages

  Co-Existing Disorders

Brain Tumors Pathophysiology Clues to anatomic location Neuroimaging Astrocytoma Oligodendroglioma Ganglioglioma DNETs Meningioma Metastatic Treatment Prophylaxis AED treatment Surgical planning and prep Postoperative complications Future trends References Cardiac Disorders Myocardial infarction Valve disease Congenital heart disease Arrhythmias Complications Assessment: neurologic or cardiac? Managing cardiac disease Managing epilepsy References Cerebrovascular Disease Ischemic etiologies Hemorrhagic etiologies Other etiologies Epidemiology of stroke Incidence and risk factors for seizures Types of seizures Assessment of seizures Differential diagnosis Treatment of seizures - Phenytoin - Phenobarbital - Carbamazepine - Valproate - Other AEDs - Special situations Prognosis References Developmental Disorders Mental retardation and cerebral palsy - Epidemiology of MR - Epidemiology of CP - Risk among children   -- Children with MR   -- Children with CP   -- Children with MR and CP - Characteristics of seizures - Prognosis - References Metabolic and genetic disorders - Family history - Physical examination - Neurologic examination - Age of onset - Seizure frequency and types - Diagnostic testing - Identifying the locus - Treatment - References Childhood-specific epilepsies with DD - Characteristics of infantile spasms - Developmental delay and infantile spasms - Mechanisms of seizure-induced brain damage   -- Status epilepticus : Damage to the developing brain   -- Recurrent seizures: Damage to the developing brain - References Children with epilepsy and CP - Causes and features - Epilepsy epidemiology - CP epidemiology - Epilepsy and CP Epidemiology - Prognosis - References Lennox-Gastaut syndrome - History - Diagnostic criteria - Differential diagnosis - Classification - Pathophysiology - Epidemiology - Electroclinical features - Prognosis - Treatment   -- First-line treatment   -- Suspected effective treatments   -- Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies - References Landau-Kleffner syndrome - Clinical features of LKS - Clinical features of LKS variants - Diagnosis - Differential diagnosis - EEG variants   -- Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep   -- Centrotemporal (Rolandic) spikes   -- Occipital spikes or spikes & waves - Epileptiform abnormalities - Etiology - Treatment - Outcome - References Progressive changes - Measurement - Longitudinal studies of cognitive change - Age, frequency, and duration - Etiology - Type and severity - Psychosis - Pathologic and radiologic findings - Cognitive effects of AEDs - Psychosocial factors - Subclinical epileptiform discharges - References Problem behaviors - What are problem behaviors? - Causes of problem behaviors   -- Cognitive deficits   -- Psychiatric problems   -- Pain and sensory difficulties   -- Lesch-Nyhan and Riley-Day syndromes   -- Endorphin and serotonin models of self-injury   -- Social conditions   -- Environmental conditions - Biopsychosocial model   -- Trigger events   -- Events that strengthen and maintain problem behaviors   -- Therapy   --- Behavior therapy   --- Skill acquisition   --- Environmental modification - References Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - History - Symptoms - Assessment - Differential diagnosis and comorbidity   -- Medical disorders   -- Psychiatric comorbidity - Etiology - Treatment   -- Environmental   -- Multimodal interventions   -- Medications   -- Stimulants   -- Nonstimulants - References Spasticity - Pathophysiology - CNS disorders - Treatment - Pharmacotherapy   -- Baclofen   -- Diazepam   -- Tizanidine   -- Clonidine   -- Dantrolene sodium   -- Gabapentin   -- Botulinum toxin   -- 4-Aminopyridine   -- Intrathecal baclofen   -- Antiepileptic drugs   -- Epilepsy and antispasticity drugs - Central surgery procedures - Peripheral surgery procedures - References Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Liver disease Gastrointestinal disease Effects on specific AEDs - Carbamazepine - Ethosuximide - Felbamate - Gabapentin - Lamotrigine - Levetiracetam - Oxcarbazepine - Phenobarbital - Phenytoin - Tiagabine - Topiramate - Valproic acid - Zonisamide Choosing and monitoring AEDs References

Head Trauma & Post-Traumatic Epilepsy Risks Prevention and prophylaxis Mechanisms of brain injury - Biochemical effects - Cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis - Genetic and molecular factors - Can responses be altered? Management guidelines References Hematologic Disorders Folate deficiency Sickle cell disease Aplastic anemia Proliferative disorders Bone marrow transplantation Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Hemolytic uremic syndrome Newborn hemorrhagic disease Disseminated intravascular coagulation Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy References Infectious States & Seizures Epilepsy as a consequence of infection Bacterial meningitis - Epidemiology - Diagnosis - Seizure complications - Treatment Syphilis Lyme disease - Early localized infection - Early disseminated infection - Late disseminated infection - Diagnosis - Treatment Seizure complications of antibacterial treatment Mycobacterial infections - Tuberculous meningitis - CNS tuberculoma Epilepsy & TB treatment Mycoplasmal infections Viral infections - Herpes encephalitis - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) - HHV-6 encephalitis - Enteroviruses - Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Arboviruses - Rabies - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Slow virus infections Fungal infections Malaria Trypanosomiasis Toxoplasmosis Amebic parasitic infections Helminthic parasitic infections - Neurocysticercosis - Echinococcosis - Angiostrongyliasis - Trichinosis - Strongyloidiasis - Toxocariasis - Schistosomiasis Epidural abscess Subdural empyema Intraparenchymal abscess Febrile seizures Immunosuppression in cancer patients Childhood diseases and vaccinations Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) Noninfectious causes of meningitis References Inflammatory Disorders Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Sjögren’s Syndrome Crohn’s Disease Primary Angiitis of the CNS Wegener’s Granulomatosis Sarcoidosis Multiple Sclerosis Can Immunotherapy Control Seizures? References Metabolic Disorders Electrolyte abnormalities - Hyponatremia - Hypernatremia - Hypoglycemia - Nonketotic hyperglycemia - Hypocalcemia - Hypomagnesemia Hypoparathyroidism Hyperthyroidism Adrenal insufficiency Inborn errors - Phenylketonuria - Niemann-Pick disease - Gaucher's disease - Mucopolysaccharidoses - Hepatic porphyria References Migraine & Epilepsy Phases Classification Variants confused with epilepsy Epidemiologic connections Headache as a consequence of seizures Migraine-epilepsy syndromes Clinical features The EEG Treatment considerations References Pulmonary Disorders Generalized seizures or SE Focal cortical or limbic-onset seizures Respiratory effects of AEDs Respiratory insufficiency Sleep apnea syndrome Theophylline toxicity References Renal Disorders Uremic encephalopathy Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome Aluminum encephalopathy syndrome Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome Physiology of drug clearance Effects on steady-state plasma concentration Drug dosing rate adjustments Effects of hemodialysis Correction for hemodialysis Effects on specific AEDs - Carbamazepine - Clonazepam - Ethosuximide - Felbamate - Fosphenytoin - Gabapentin - Lamotrigine - Levetiracetam - Oxcarbazepine - Phenobarbital - Phenytoin - Primidone - Tiagabine - Topiramate - Valproate - Zonisamide References Sleep Disorders Fundamentals Classification Effects of seizures on sleep Effects of IEDs on sleep Effects of AEDs on sleep Sleep apnea Periodic limb movements and restless legs syndrome Narcolepsy Idiopathic CNS hypersomnia Insomnia Differential diagnosis - Non-REM arousal disorders - REM sleep disorder - Other REM related events - Movement disorders - Panic disorder - Dissociative and conversion disorder - Sleep attacks Approach to daytime sleepiness Approach to insomnia References Transplantation & Seizures Kidney Liver Lung Heart Bone marrow Pancreas Diagnostic approach Acute management Chronic management References

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