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Co-Existing Disorders Pages

Co-Existing Disorders

Brain Tumors
- Pathophysiology
- Clues to anatomic location
- Neuroimaging
- Astrocytoma
- Oligodendroglioma
- Ganglioglioma
- DNETs
- Meningioma
- Metastatic
- Treatment
- Prophylaxis
- AED treatment
- Surgical planning and prep
- Postoperative complications
- Future trends
- References

Cardiac Disorders
- Myocardial infarction
- Valve disease
- Congenital heart disease
- Arrhythmias
- Complications
- Assessment: neurologic or cardiac?
- Managing cardiac disease
- Managing epilepsy
- References

Cerebrovascular Disease
- Ischemic etiologies
- Hemorrhagic etiologies
- Other etiologies
- Epidemiology of stroke
- Incidence and risk factors for seizures
- Types of seizures
- Assessment of seizures
- Differential diagnosis
- Treatment of seizures
  - Phenytoin
  - Phenobarbital
  - Carbamazepine
  - Valproate
  - Other AEDs
  - Special situations
- Prognosis
- References

Developmental Disorders
- Mental retardation and cerebral palsy
  - Epidemiology of MR
  - Epidemiology of CP
  - Risk among children
    -- Children with MR
    -- Children with CP
    -- Children with MR and CP
  - Characteristics of seizures
  - Prognosis
  - References
- Metabolic and genetic disorders
  - Family history
  - Physical examination
  - Neurologic examination
  - Age of onset
  - Seizure frequency and types
  - Diagnostic testing
  - Identifying the locus
  - Treatment
  - References
- Childhood-specific epilepsies with DD
  - Characteristics of infantile spasms
  - Developmental delay and infantile spasms
  - Mechanisms of seizure-induced brain damage
  -- Status epilepticus : Damage to the developing brain
  -- Recurrent seizures: Damage to the developing brain
  - References
- Children with epilepsy and CP
  - Causes and features
  - Epilepsy epidemiology
  - CP epidemiology
  - Epilepsy and CP Epidemiology
  - Prognosis
  - References
- Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
  - History
  - Diagnostic criteria
  - Differential diagnosis
  - Classification
  - Pathophysiology
  - Epidemiology
  - Electroclinical features
  - Prognosis
  - Treatment
    -- First-line treatment
    -- Suspected effective treatments
    -- Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies
  - References
- Landau-Kleffner syndrome
  - Clinical features of LKS
  - Clinical features of LKS variants
  - Diagnosis
  - Differential diagnosis
  - EEG variants
    -- Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep
    -- Centrotemporal (Rolandic) spikes
    -- Occipital spikes or spikes & waves
  - Epileptiform abnormalities
  - Etiology
  - Treatment
  - Outcome
  - References
- Progressive changes
  - Measurement
  - Longitudinal studies of cognitive change
  - Age, frequency, and duration
  - Etiology
  - Type and severity
  - Psychosis
  - Pathologic and radiologic findings
  - Cognitive effects of AEDs
  - Psychosocial factors
  - Subclinical epileptiform discharges
  - References
- Problem behaviors
  - What are problem behaviors?
  - Causes of problem behaviors
    -- Cognitive deficits
    -- Psychiatric problems
    -- Pain and sensory difficulties
    -- Lesch-Nyhan and Riley-Day syndromes
    -- Endorphin and serotonin models of self-injury
    -- Social conditions
    -- Environmental conditions
  - Biopsychosocial model
    -- Trigger events
    -- Events that strengthen and maintain problem behaviors
    -- Therapy
    --- Behavior therapy
    --- Skill acquisition
    --- Environmental modification
  - References
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
  - History
  - Symptoms
  - Assessment
  - Differential diagnosis and comorbidity
    -- Medical disorders
    -- Psychiatric comorbidity
  - Etiology
  - Treatment
    -- Environmental
    -- Multimodal interventions
    -- Medications
    -- Stimulants
    -- Nonstimulants
  - References
- Spasticity
  - Pathophysiology
  - CNS disorders
  - Treatment
  - Pharmacotherapy
    -- Baclofen
    -- Diazepam
    -- Tizanidine
    -- Clonidine
    -- Dantrolene sodium
    -- Gabapentin
    -- Botulinum toxin
    -- 4-Aminopyridine
    -- Intrathecal baclofen
    -- Antiepileptic drugs
    -- Epilepsy and antispasticity drugs
  - Central surgery procedures
  - Peripheral surgery procedures
  - References

Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease
- Liver disease
- Gastrointestinal disease
- Effects on specific AEDs
  - Carbamazepine
  - Ethosuximide
  - Felbamate
  - Gabapentin
  - Lamotrigine
  - Levetiracetam
  - Oxcarbazepine
  - Phenobarbital
  - Phenytoin
  - Tiagabine
  - Topiramate
  - Valproic acid
  - Zonisamide
- Choosing and monitoring AEDs
- References

Head Trauma & Post-Traumatic Epilepsy
- Risks
- Prevention and prophylaxis
- Mechanisms of brain injury
  - Biochemical effects
  - Cellular mechanisms of epileptogenesis
  - Genetic and molecular factors
  - Can responses be altered?
- Management guidelines
- References

Hematologic Disorders
- Folate deficiency
- Sickle cell disease
- Aplastic anemia
- Proliferative disorders
- Bone marrow transplantation
- Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome
- Newborn hemorrhagic disease
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy
- References

Infectious States & Seizures
- Epilepsy as a consequence of infection
- Bacterial meningitis
  - Epidemiology
  - Diagnosis
  - Seizure complications
  - Treatment
- Syphilis
- Lyme disease
  - Early localized infection
  - Early disseminated infection
  - Late disseminated infection
  - Diagnosis
  - Treatment
- Seizure complications of antibacterial treatment
- Mycobacterial infections
  - Tuberculous meningitis
  - CNS tuberculoma
- Epilepsy & TB treatment
- Mycoplasmal infections
- Viral infections
  - Herpes encephalitis
  - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
  - HHV-6 encephalitis
  - Enteroviruses
  - Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  - Arboviruses
  - Rabies
  - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Slow virus infections
- Fungal infections
- Malaria
- Trypanosomiasis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Amebic parasitic infections
- Helminthic parasitic infections
  - Neurocysticercosis
  - Echinococcosis
  - Angiostrongyliasis
  - Trichinosis
  - Strongyloidiasis
  - Toxocariasis
  - Schistosomiasis
- Epidural abscess
- Subdural empyema
- Intraparenchymal abscess
- Febrile seizures
- Immunosuppression in cancer patients
- Childhood diseases and vaccinations
- Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
- Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
- Noninfectious causes of meningitis
- References

Inflammatory Disorders
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Sjögren’s Syndrome
- Crohn’s Disease
- Primary Angiitis of the CNS
- Wegener’s Granulomatosis
- Sarcoidosis
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Can Immunotherapy Control Seizures?
- References

Metabolic Disorders
- Electrolyte abnormalities
  - Hyponatremia
  - Hypernatremia
  - Hypoglycemia
  - Nonketotic hyperglycemia
  - Hypocalcemia
  - Hypomagnesemia
- Hypoparathyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Inborn errors
  - Phenylketonuria
  - Niemann-Pick disease
  - Gaucher's disease
  - Mucopolysaccharidoses
  - Hepatic porphyria
- References

Migraine & Epilepsy
- Phases
- Classification
- Variants confused with epilepsy
- Epidemiologic connections
- Headache as a consequence of seizures
- Migraine-epilepsy syndromes
- Clinical features
- The EEG
- Treatment considerations
- References

Pulmonary Disorders
- Generalized seizures or SE
- Focal cortical or limbic-onset seizures
- Respiratory effects of AEDs
- Respiratory insufficiency
- Sleep apnea syndrome
- Theophylline toxicity
- References

Renal Disorders
- Uremic encephalopathy
- Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
- Aluminum encephalopathy syndrome
- Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome
- Physiology of drug clearance
- Effects on steady-state plasma concentration
- Drug dosing rate adjustments
- Effects of hemodialysis
- Correction for hemodialysis
- Effects on specific AEDs
  - Carbamazepine
  - Clonazepam
  - Ethosuximide
  - Felbamate
  - Fosphenytoin
  - Gabapentin
  - Lamotrigine
  - Levetiracetam
  - Oxcarbazepine
  - Phenobarbital
  - Phenytoin
  - Primidone
  - Tiagabine
  - Topiramate
  - Valproate
  - Zonisamide
- References

Sleep Disorders
- Fundamentals
- Classification
- Effects of seizures on sleep
- Effects of IEDs on sleep
- Effects of AEDs on sleep
- Sleep apnea
- Periodic limb movements and restless legs syndrome
- Narcolepsy
- Idiopathic CNS hypersomnia
- Insomnia
- Differential diagnosis
  - Non-REM arousal disorders
  - REM sleep disorder
  - Other REM related events
  - Movement disorders
  - Panic disorder
  - Dissociative and conversion disorder
  - Sleep attacks
- Approach to daytime sleepiness
- Approach to insomnia
- References

Transplantation & Seizures
- Kidney
- Liver
- Lung
- Heart
- Bone marrow
- Pancreas
- Diagnostic approach
- Acute management
- Chronic management
- References


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