References : Epilepsy.com/Professionals

WHO IS EPILEPSY.COM/PROFESSIONALS

DONATE

References

Author: L Seiden and A Krumholz

1. Moore PM, Lisak RP. Systemic lupus erythematosus: immunopathogenesis of neurologic dysfunction. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1995;17:43-60.

2. Moore PM. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Stress, stroke, and seizures. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997;823:1-17.

3. Futrell N, Schultz LR, Millikan C. Central nervous system disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1992;42:1649-1657.

4. O'Connor JF, Musher DM. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a study of 150 cases. Arch Neurol 1966;14:157-164.

5. Tola MR, Granieri E, Caniatti L, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with neurological disorders. J Neurol 1992;239:61-64.

6. Denburg JA, Carbotte RM, Denburg SD. Neuronal antibodies and cognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology 1987;37:464-467.

7. Mackworth-Young CG, Hughes GRV. Epilepsy: an early symptom of systemic lupus erythematosus [Letter]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985;48:185.

8. West SG. Neuropsychiatric lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1994;20:129-158.

9. Gonzalez-Crespo MR, Blanco FJ, Ramos A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1995;34:1055-1060.

10. Rudolph NM, Bourke BE. The value of the electroencephalogram in cerebral systemic lupus erythematosus. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1985;61:S189(abst).

11. Hietaharju A, Jantii V, Korpela M, et al. Nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, and scleroderma. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;88:299-308.

12. Matsukawa Y, Nishinarita S, Hayama T, et al. Clinical significance of electroencephalography in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ryumachi 1993;33:20-28.

13. Nadeau SE, Watson RT. Neurologic Manifestations of Vasculitis and Collagen Vascular Syndromes. In AB Baker, RJ Joynt (eds), Clinical Neurology. Philadelphia: Harper & Row, 1985;59.

14. Brick JE, Brick JF. Neurologic manifestations of rheumatologic disease. Neurol Clin 1989;7:629-639.

15. Talal N. Sjögren's syndrome: historical overview and clinical spectrum of disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992;18:507-515.

16. Alexander E. Central nervous system disease in Sjögren's syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1992;18:637-672.

17. Alexander GE, Provost TT, Stephens MB, et al. Sjögren's syndrome: central nervous system manifestations. Neurology 1981;31:1391-1396.

18. Alexander EL. Neurologic disease in Sjögren's syndrome: mononuclear inflammatory vasculopathy affecting central/peripheral nervous system and muscle. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1993;19:869-908.

19. Kaltreider HB, Talal N. The neuropathy of Sjögren's syndrome: trigeminal nerve involvement. Ann Intern Med 1969;70:751-762.

20. Alexander EL. Central nervous system manifestations of primary Sjögren's syndrome: an overview. Scand J Rheumatol 1986;[Suppl 61]:161-165.

21. Alexander GE, Provost TT, Stephens MB, et al. Neurologic complications of primary Sjögren's syndrome. Medicine 1982;61:247-257.

22. Elsehety A, Bertorini TE. Neurologic and neuropsychiatric complications of Crohn's disease. South Med J 1997;90:606-610.

23. Gendelman S, Present D, Janowitz HD. Neurological complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1982;82:1065.

24. Andre M, Aumaitre O, Marcheix JC. Aseptic systemic abscesses preceding diagnosis of Crohn's disease by three years. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:525-527.

25. Talbot RW, Heppell J, Dozois RR, et al. Vascular complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1986;61:140-145.

26. Lossos A, River Y, Eliakim A, et al. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology 1995;45:416-421.

27. Andre M, Aumaitre O, Papo T, et al. Disseminated aseptic abscesses associated with Crohn's disease: a new entity? Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:420-428.

28. Farmer RG, Whelan G, Fazio VW. Long-term follow-up of patients with Crohn's disease. Relationship between clinical pattern and prognosis. Gastroenterology 1985;88:1818-1825.

29. Lesser RP, Irace P, Kutt H, et al. Enhanced gastrointestinal excretion of phenytoin in a patient with Crohn's disease. Epilepsia 1984;25:302-307.

30. Younger DS, Hays AP, Brust JC, et al. Granulomatous angiitis of the brain. An inflammatory reaction of diverse etiology. Arch Neurol 1988;45:514-518.

31. Moore PM, Cupps TR. Neurological complications of vasculitis. Ann Neurol 1983;14:155-167.

32. Abu-Shakra M, Khraishi M, Grossman H, et al. Primary angiitis of the CNS diagnosed by angiography. QJM 1994;87:351-358.

33. Calabrese LH. Vasculitis of the central nervous system. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995;21:1059-1076.

34. Nishino H, Rubino F, Parisi JE. The spectrum of neurologic involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis. Neurology 1993;43:1334-1337.

35. Kurland LT, Chuang TY, Hunder GH. The Epidemiology of Systemic Arteritis. In RC Lawrence, LE Shulman (eds), Epidemiology of the Rheumatic Diseases. New York: Gower, 1984;196-205.

36. Fauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, et al. Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med 1993;98:76-85.

37. Nishino H, Rubino FA, DeRemee RA, et al. Neurological involvement in Wegener's granulomatosis: an analysis of 324 consecutive patients at the Mayo clinic. Ann Neurol 1993;33:4-9.

38. Drachman DA. Neurologic complications of Wegener's granulomatosis. Arch Neurol 1963;8:145-155.

39. Anderson JM, Jamieson DG, Jefferson JM. Non-healing granuloma and the nervous system. QJM 1975;174:309-323.

40. Leavitt RY, Fauci AS. Wegener's granulomatosis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1991;3:8-14.

41. Johns CJ, Michele TM. The clinical management of sarcoidosis. A 50-year experience at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Medicine 1999;78:65-111.

42. Stern BJ, Krumholz A, Johns C, et al. Sarcoidosis and its neurological manifestations. Arch Neurol 1985;42:909-917.

43. Krumholz A, Stern BJ. Neurological Manifestations of Sarcoidosis. In MJ Aminoff, CG Goetz (eds), Systemic Diseases (part 3), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (vol 71). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 1998; 463-499.

44. Wiederholt WC, Siekert RG. Neurological manifestations of sarcoidosis. Neurology 1965;15:1147-1154.

45. Delaney P. Neurologic manifestations in sarcoidosis: review of the literature, with a report of 23 cases. Ann Intern Med 1977;87:336-345.

46. Pentland B., Mitchell JD, Cull RE, et al. Central nervous system sarcoidosis. QJM 1985;56:457-465.

47. Luke RA, Stern BJ, Krumholz A, et al. Neurosarcoidosis: the long-term clinical course. Neurology 1987;37:461-463.

48. Krumholz A, Stern BJ, Stern EG. Clinical implications of seizures in neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 1991;48:842-844.

49. Rocklin R. Cell-Mediated Immunity in Sarcoidosis. In BL Fanburg (ed), Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Lung. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1983;203-224.

50. Teirstein AS, Lesser M. Worldwide Distribution and Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis. In BL Fanburg (ed), Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Lung. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1983;101-134.

51. Sarcoidosis. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1985;1-5.

52. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: a disorder mediated by excess helper T-lymphocyte activity at sites of disease activity. N Engl J Med 1981;305:429-434.

53. Weissler JC. Southwestern internal medicine conference: sarcoidosis: immunology and clinical management. Am J Med Sci 1994;307:233-245.

54. Moller DR. Cells and cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999;16:24-31.

55. Newman LS, Rose CS, Maier LA. Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1224-1234.

56. Tanoue LT, Zitnik R, Elias JA. Systemic Sarcoidosis. In GL Baum, E Wolinsky (eds), Textbook of Pulmonary Disease. Boston: Little, Brown, 1994;745-774.

57. Desai SG, Simon MR. Epidemiology of Sarcoidosis. In J Lieberman (ed), Sarcoidosis. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1985;25-27.

58. James DG. Genetics and Familial Sarcoidosis. In BL Fanburg (ed), Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Lung. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1983;135-146.

59. Joyce-Brady M. Tastes great, less filling. The debate about mycobacteria and sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:986-987.

60. Ishige I, Usui Y, Takemura T, et al. Quantitative PCR of mycobacterial and propionibacterial DNA in lymph nodes of Japanese patients with sarcoidosis. Lancet 1999;354:120-123.

61. Oksanen V. Neurosarcoidosis: clinical presentations and course in 50 patients. Acta Neurol Scand 1986;73:283-290.

62. Zajicek JP, Entzian P, Dalhoff K, et al. Central nervous system sarcoidosis—diagnosis and management. QJM 1999;92:103-117.

63. Stuart CA, Neelon FA, Lebovitz HE. Hypothalamic insufficiency: the cause of hypopituitarism in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:589-594.

64. Delaney P. Seizures in sarcoidosis: a poor prognosis. Ann Neurol 1980;7:494.

65. Rodan BA, Putman CE. Radiological Alterations in Sarcoidosis. In BL Fanburg (ed), Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Diseases of the Lung. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1983;37-75.

66. Leiberman J. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Serum Lysozyme in Sarcoidosis. In J Lieberman (ed), Sarcoidosis. Orlando, FL: Grune & Stratton, 1985;145-159.

67. Sherman JL, Stern BJ. Sarcoidosis of the CNS: comparison of unenhanced and enhanced MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:915-923.

68. Oksanen V, Fyhrquist F, Somer H, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme in cerebrospinal fluid: a new assay. Neurology 1985;35:122-123.

69. Oksanen V, Fyhrquist FC, Gronhagen-Riska C, et al. CSF angiotensin-converting enzyme in neurosarcoidosis. Lancet 1985;1;1050-1051.

70. Chan Seem CP, Norfolk G, Spokes EG. CSF angiotensin-converting enzyme in neurosarcoidosis. Lancet 1985;1:456-457.

71. Agbogu BN, Stern BJ, Swell C, et al. Therapeutic considerations in patients with refractory neurosarcoidosis. Arch Neurol 1995;52:875-879.

72. Ahmad K, Kim YH, Spitzer AR, et al. Total nodal radiation in progressive sarcoidosis. Am J Clin Oncol 1992;15:311-313.

73. Lower EE, Baughmann RP. The use of low dose methotrexate in refractory sarcoidosis. Am J Med Sci 1990;299:153-157.

74. Lower EE, Baughman RP. Prolonged use of methotrexate for sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:846-851.

75. Lower EE, Broderick JP, Brott TG, et al. Diagnosis and management of neurological sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1864-1868.

76. Paty DW, Noseworthy JH, Ebers GC. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. In DW Paty, GC Ebers (eds), Multiple Sclerosis. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co, 1998;48-134.

77. Kinnunen E, Wikstrom J. Prevalence and prognosis of epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis. Epilepsia 1986;27:729-733.

78. Ebers GC, Sadovnick AD. Epidemiology. In DW Paty, GC Ebers (eds), Multiple Sclerosis. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co, 1998;5-28.

79. Raine CS, Scheinberg L, Waltz JM. Multiple sclerosis: oligodendrocyte survival and proliferation in an active established lesion. Lab Invest 1981;45:534-546.

80. Moore GR. Neuropathology and pathophysiology of the multiple sclerosis lesion. In DW Paty, GC Ebers (eds), Multiple Sclerosis. Philadelphia: FA Davis Co, 1998;257-327.

81. Brownell B, Hughes JT. The distribution of plaques in the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1962;25:315-320.

82. Moreau TH, Sochurkova D, Lemesle M, et al. Epilepsy in patients with multiple sclerosis: radiological-clinical correlations. Epilepsia 1998;39:893-896.

83. Thompson AJ, Kermode AG, Moseley IF, et al. Seizures due to multiple sclerosis: seven patients with MRI correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:1317-1320.

84. Engelsen BA, Gronning M. Epileptic seizures in patients with multiple sclerosis. Is the prognosis of epilepsy underestimated? Seizure 1997;6:377-382.

85. Horowitz AL, Kaplan RD, Grewe G, et al. The ovoid lesions: a new MR observation in patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989;10:303-305.

86. Gean-Marton AD, Vezina LG, Martin KI, et al. Abnormal corpus callosum: a sensitive and specific indicator of multiple sclerosis. Radiology 1991;180:215-221.

87. Asselman P, Chadwick DW, Marsden DC. Visual evoked responses in the diagnosis and management of patients suspected of multiple sclerosis. Brain 1975;98:261-282.

88. Taylor RS. Multiple sclerosis potpourri. Paroxysmal symptoms, seizures, fatigue, pregnancy, and more. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1998;9:551-559.

89. Tranchant C, Bhetia K, Marsde UC. Movement disorders in multiple sclerosis. Mov Disord 1995;10:418-423.

90. Kurtzke JF, Beebe JW, Nagler B, et al. Studies on the natural history of multiple sclerosis. V. Long-term survival in young men. Arch Neurol 1970;22:215-222.

91. Ghezzi A, Montanini R, Basso PF, et al. Epilepsy in multiple sclerosis. Eur Neurol 1990;30:218-223.

92. Mathews WB. Symptoms and Signs. In WB Mathews, A Compston, IV Allen, CN Martyn (eds), McAlpine's Multiple Sclerosis (2nd ed). Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone, 1991;61-63.

93. Delire M. Immunoglobulin therapy. In J Engel, TA Pedley (eds), Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997;1665-1670.

94. Ariizumi M, Shiihara H, Hibio S, et al. High-dose gammaglobulin for intractable childhood epilepsy. Lancet 1983;2:162-163.

95. van Ryckevorsel-Harmant K, Delire M, Schmitz-Moorman W, et al. IVIG treatment of refractory epilepsy. Results of the first double blind/dose finding clinical study. Int J Clin Lab Res 1994;24:162-166.

96. Rasmussen TB. Chronic Encephalitis and Seizures: Historical Introduction. In F Andermann (ed), Chronic Encephalitis and Epilepsy—Rasmussen's Syndrome. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991;1-6.

97. Rasmussen T, Olszewski J, Lloyd-Smith D. Focal seizures due to chronic localized encephalitis. Neurology 1958;8:435-445.

98. Hart YM, Cortez F, Andermann P, et al. Medical treatment of Rasmussen's syndrome (chronic encephalitis and epilepsy): effect of high dose steroids or immunoglobulins in 19 patients. Neurology 1994;44:1030-1036.

99. Oguni H, Andermann F, Rasmussen TB. The Natural History of the Syndrome of Chronic Encephalitis and Epilepsy: a Study of the MNI Series of 48 Cases. In F Andermann (ed), Chronic Encephalitis and Epilepsy—Rasmussen's Syndrome. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991;7-36.

100. Grenier Y, Antel JP, Osterland CK. Immunologic Studies in Chronic Encephalitis of Rasmussen. In F Andermann (ed), Chronic Encephalitis and Epilepsy—Rasmussen's Syndrome. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991;125-134.

101. Rogers SW, Andrews PI, Gahring LC, et al. Autoantibodies to glutamate receptor GluR3 in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Science 1994;265:648-651.

102. Andrews PI, Dichter MA, Berkovic SF, et al. Plasma pheresis in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Neurology 1996; 46:242-246.

103. Adcock JE, Oxbury JM, Beeson D, et al. Comparison of treatment of Rasmussen's encephalitis with plasmapheresis versus hemispherectomy. Epilepsia 1997;38[Suppl 8]:189.

104. Palmer CA, Geyer JD, Keating JM, et al. Rasmussen's encephalitis with concomitant cortical dysplasia: the role of GluR3. Epilepsia 1999;40:242-247.

105. Andrews PI, McNamara JO, Lewis DV. Clinical and electroencephalographic correlates in Rasmussen's encephalitis. Epilepsia 1997;38:189-194.

106. Chinchilla D, Dulac O, Robain O, et al. Reappraisal of Rasmussen's syndrome with special emphasis on treatment with high doses of steroids. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1325-1333.

107. So NK, Andermann F. Rasmussen's Syndrome. In J Engel, TA Pedley (eds), Epilepsy: a Comprehensive Textbook. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997;2379-2388.

108. Walsh PJ. Treatment of Rasmussen's syndrome with intravenous gammaglobulin. In F Andermann (ed), Chronic Encephalitis and Epilepsy—Rasmussen's Syndrome. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1991;201-204.

109. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Wegener's granulomatosis. Available at: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/factsheets/wegeners.htm. Accessed March 24, 2004.

Adapted from: Seiden L and Krumholz A. Inflammatory noninfectious disorders. In: Ettinger AB and Devinsky O, eds. Managing epilepsy and co-existing disorders. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002;135-154.
With permission from Elsevier (www.elsevier.com).
Reviewed March 2004 by Steven C. Schachter, MD, epilepsy.com Editorial Board.