This section discusses the epidemiology of refractory seizures and then provides in-depth information about forms of epilepsy that are particularly resistant to treatment – infantile spasms, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Ring Chromosome 20 syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, and Unverricht-Lundborg disease, one of the progressive myoclonic epilepsies.

Topic Editor: Steven C. Schachter, MD. Last Reviewed: 5/10/08